; kim_msg.asm ; testing lin2c64 6510 assembler ; using J. Butterfield's scan display from Wumpus ; 01/03/2013 ces ; modified code from user chassum on brielcomputers.com/phpBB3 ; using timer 1 instead (at $1747) and added / fixed ; some chars 21.01.2021 webdoktor @ netzherpes . de ; define some pseudo-alphabet characters A_ .equ $f7 _a .equ $5f B_ .equ $ff _b .equ $fc C_ .equ $b9 _c .equ $d8 _d .equ $de E_ .equ $f9 _e .equ $7b F_ .equ $f1 G_ .equ $bd _g .equ $ef H_ .equ $f6 _h .equ $f4 I_ .equ $b0 _i .equ $10 J_ .equ $9e K_ .equ $f0 ; non-standard L_ .equ $b8 _l .equ $86 _m .equ $a3 ; non-standard N_ .equ $b7 _n .equ $54 O_ .equ $bf _o .equ $dc P_ .equ $f3 _q .equ $e7 R_ .equ $31 _r .equ $d0 S_ .equ $ed _t .equ $f8 U_ .equ $be _u .equ $9c _v .equ $c2 ; non-standard _w .equ $0c ; the right half after _u _x .equ $e4 ; non-standard Y_ .equ $ee Z_ .equ $5b Qmrk .equ $d3 dsh .equ $c0 spc .equ $80 ch0 .equ $bf ch1 .equ $86 ch2 .equ $dB ch3 .equ $cf ch4 .equ $e6 ch5 .equ $ed ch6 .equ $fd ch7 .equ $87 ch8 .equ $ff ch9 .equ $ef SAD .equ $1740 ; data port for pins 1-4 SADD .equ $1741 SBD .equ $1742 ; data port for pins 5-6 SBDD .equ $1743 TIMER2 .equ $1747 ; optional 2nd 6532 timer led1 .equ $08 ; LED selectors (left to right) led2 .equ $0a led3 .equ $0c led4 .equ $0e led5 .equ $10 led6 .equ $12 lout .equ $7f ; set pins as output to left 4 LEDs rout .equ $1e ; set pins as output to right 2 LEDs tmr .equ $00db ptr .equ $00dc xfrhi .equ $00dd xfrlo .equ $00de tmp1 .equ $00df cbuff .equ $00e8 .org $0180 ; start of data msg0 .byte spc spc spc spc spc _n _e _t Z_ _h _e _r P_ _e S_ spc spc spc spc spc spc $00 ; add some spaces in the begginning and end to make it scroll msg1 .byte spc ch0 ch1 ch2 ch3 ch4 ch5 ch6 ch7 ch8 ch9 $00 msg2 .byte _t _h I_ S_ spc I_ S_ spc A_ spc _t E_ S_ _t $00 msg3 .byte H_ E_ L_ L_ O_ spc _u _w _o _r _l _d $00 msg4 .byte spc spc spc _b Y_ E_ $00 MSG5 .BYTE spc spc spc spc spc spc $00 lo0 .equ <msg0 hi0 .equ >msg0 lo1 .equ <msg1 hi1 .equ >msg1 lo2 .equ <msg2 hi2 .equ >msg2 lo3 .equ <msg3 hi3 .equ >msg3 lo4 .equ <msg4 hi4 .equ >msg4 lo5 .equ <msg5 hi5 .equ >msg5 .org $0200 ; start of code main ldy #hi0 lda #lo0 jsr scan ; ldy #hi1 ; lda #lo1 ; jsr scan ; ldy #hi2 ; lda #lo2 ; jsr scan ; ldy #hi3 ; lda #lo3 ; jsr scan ; ldy #hi4 ; lda #lo4 ; jsr scan ; ldy #hi5 ; lda #lo5 ; jsr scan jmp main .org $0300 scan sty xfrlo ; y and a get loaded before jsr to scan sta xfrhi lda #$07 ; init scan forward sta tmp1 ldy #$05 ; init y cont ldx #$05 ; init x char lda (xfrhi),y ; get character cmp #$00 ; last character? bne more ; if not, continue rts more sta cbuff,x ; store char dey ; set up next char dex ; set up next store loc bpl char ; loop if not 6th char cld ; binary mode clc ; prepare to add (clear carry flag) tya ; get char pointer adc tmp1 ; update for 6 new characters sta ptr ; save new pointer jsr dspdly ; delay display ldy ptr ; restore pointer jmp cont ; continue with rest of message dspdly ldx #$0a ; set the delay rate here stx tmr ; put in decr. location time lda #$52 ; load timer sta TIMER2 ; start timer lite jsr disp ; gosub display rtn bit TIMER2 ; timer done? bpl lite ; if not, loop dec tmr ; decrement timer counter bne time ; not finished rts ; now get 6 new characters disp lda #lout ; change left led segments sta SADD ; to outputs ldy #$00 ; init recall index ldx #$09 ; init digit number six lda cbuff,y ; get character sty $00fc ; save y for monitor disp routine jsr $1f4e ; monitor routine - disp char, delay 500 cycles iny ; set up for next char cpy #$06 ; 6 char displayed? bcc six ; no ; JSR $1f3d ; check keypress if you want to rts
results in the Punchtape Output
;1801808080808080547BF85BF47BD0F37BED8080808080800080BF0E14 ;18019886DBCFE6EDFD87FFEF00F8F4B0ED80B0ED80F780F8F9EDF81399 ;1801B000F6F9B8B8BF809C0CDCD086DE00808080FCEEF9008080800F02 ;0401C880808000024D ;0A0200A001A9802000034C00020247 ;18030084DE85DDA90785DFA005A205B1DDC900D0016095E888CA100CA6 ;180318F3D8189865DF85DC202803A4DC4C0A03A20A86DBA9528D470B53 ;18033017203E032C471710F8C6DBD0EF60A97F8D4117A000A209B90A26 ;0D0348E80084FC204E1FC8C00690F36006BE ;0000090009
Start the programm at 0200.

Have fun,
webdoktor

This is a linklist, or a personal reminder for myself to collect KIM-programs, books, links and so on...

Games: https://github.com/jefftranter/6502/tree/master/asm/KIM-1/TheFirstBookOfKIM/Games

Short KIM Reference: https://github.com/jefftranter/6502/blob/master/docs/KIM-1QuickReference.pdf

Micro Magazine
Micro Magazine List https://archive.org/details/micromagazine
Best of micro: https://archive.org/details/Best_of_Micro_The_Volume_1_1978_COMPUTERIST_The_US
Best of Micro #2 https://archive.org/details/Best_of_Micro_The_Volume_2_1979_COMPUTERIST_The_US

Tiny Basic Anleitung https://archive.org/details/tiny-basic-handbuch-hofacker

Hans Otten's KIM Sites: http://retro.hansotten.nl/6502-sbc/kim- ... -software/
Hans Otten's Micro-KIM Resources http://retro.hansotten.nl/6502-sbc/kim- ... micro-kim/

De KIM Kenner und "De 6502 Kenner" http://retro.hansotten.nl/6502-sbc/kim-6502-up-kenner/

First Book of KIM https://archive.org/details/The_First_Book_of_KIM

Erik Bartmanns KIM Seite https://www.erik-bartmann.de/?Projekte___KIM_1

A MOS Technology 6510 Cross-Assembler and Disassembler: win2c64/lin2c64/mac2c64 mit Paper output ... https://www.aartbik.com/retro.php

Briel Forum (with AARTs totorials) http://www.brielcomputers.com/phpBB3/vi ... amp;t=1739

Rich Cini's scanned magazines (Kim Notes, Micro and many more http://cini.classiccmp.org/mags.htm#KIMNotes

The PAL-1, a KIM-1 Clone arrived on thursday direct from Wuhan. It is kind of similar to Ruud's and Vinces KIM Clones, with a new and very clean and clear motherboard layout.
You may ask what the KIM-1 is. Well, it's the famous preprepredecessor of all homecomputers. Really all.
I't ROM contained 2 Operating systems, switchable by a jumper: One for the onboard I/O (it is equipped with 6 LED digits for output and 23 buttons for input) and the second for serial line I/O.

My soldering skills were enough to assemble the kit in 3 hours. The power input states 6VDC, but my experience was that the 7805 needs a bit more to let the serial Line work correct. I chose 7.5 V.

To transfer programs to the KIM, you can paste Textfiles from the Terminal program. It needs a bit of tinkering to find the exact delay
200 ms Line delay and 20 ms Character delay is working for my setup
(after each Line a checksum is being sent, so the line delay must be a bit higher).

TinyBasic (4 kb) transfered in 2 minutes, lager programs wil be a pita.


So, now let's start reading "The First Book of KIM" by Butterfield, Ockers, Rehnke and push the limits

So long,
yours
webdoktor

Just recently I biuld a KIM-1 Clone. Kim-1? Yes, one of the (if not the) first affordable computers for home usage (aka homecomputer) from 1975.


on the left: the real thing, on the right a clone with original chips.

Its barely comparable to what computers nowadays look like:
A unshielded motherboard, 6 LED digits as output, 23 input buttons for programming the thing direct with assembly language.
It was planned as a proof of concept for the 6502 processor by MOS technologies, running at the speed of 1 MHz with 2 KB ROM and 1 KB RAM, expandable up to 64 kb.
As storage you needed to wire a casette tape recorder.

Back than a revolution: a real computer for around 200 Dollar.
The KIM-1 was a full success. Even after MOS was bought up by Commodore, this Computer thing was produced until 1979. Several expansion kits were available, as well as the Microsoft basic interpreter and the next step Homecomputer, a PET 2001, based upon the KIM Design, was available in 1977.
The feeling to write your own program, on a computer you actually can afford must have been better than sex.

Please compare this setup to computing nowadays: A kid with an smartphone is only able to create some TIKTOK shit. Undereducated hillbillies rant on twitter and think they won an election, because everyone in their filterbubble did vote for trump. The underlying technologie is of no interest anymore.

An average smartphone is 30000 times faster and has four million times the memory of the old KIM-1, and nobody knows how to actually use it.

When did things start to go wrong? Was it when normal people build their geocities sites? Even in the end 90s people were fascinated by this form of computing and communication. They still need to build the webpages using html. You actually had to learn to participate.
Later, when 'web 3.0' buzzered in our ears, companies realized how to transfer this knowledge gap into money. facebook, twitter, google are so incredible overpowered because they are tending the sheep. Eat, shit, give wool. This is what 99% of the users are for.

More of my kim-1 l8r
webdoktor

Einer meiner ältesten Computer, ein winzig kleiner 286 von 1990 namens Carry-I wurde nach ewiger Zeit mal wieder von mir angeschmissen. Das Bios meldete relativ schnell, dass die CMOS Batterie alle sei und alle Einstellungen gelöscht wurden.

Also habe ich den Rentner mal aufgeschraubt und geschaut welche Festplatte verbaut ist: eine 119 MB 'große' Samsung.
Eine weitere Überraschung: Die eingebaute Batterie lässt sich nicht wechseln, weil sie ein NiMH Akku ist. Also muss das Gerät nur lange genug laufen und der Akku hat ausreichend Saft, damit das BIOS sich die Informationen über die eingebaute Hardware behalten kann.

Am Ende bootete der kleine Krachmacher (nach heutigen Maßstäben schon echt laut) ohne Probleme.

Das war noch Qualität. Geht nach 30 Jahren wie am ersten Tag. Schaut euch mal das BIOS Datum an ;)



so long

webdoktor